Neoguerra Fría en Asia-Pacífico y su incidencia en la península coreana
Contenido principal del artículo
Resumen
El auge militar y económico chino ha evocado un escenario de Neoguerra Fría sino-estadounidense que ha refundado las alianzas entre economías occidentales no rivales sobre un núcleo anglosajón, EEUU, Reino Unido, Australia, complementado por Japón, la India y Canadá. La exclusión aparente de Corea del Sur y el reforzamiento del eje Washington-Tokio recrearía un modelo neocolonial que, unido a la nuclearización norcoreana, podría desestabilizar la península, teatro de la primera Guerra Fría. Sin embargo, el triángulo democrático-capitalista (EEUU, Corea del Sur y Japón) parece sólidamente integrado tanto militar como económicamente. El triángulo autocrático (China, Corea del Norte y Rusia), en cambio, parece más unido por intereses comunes anti-hegemónicos que por sus lazos económicos, con una Rusia y una Corea del Norte en ascenso.
Descargas
Detalles del artículo

Esta obra está bajo una licencia internacional Creative Commons Atribución-NoComercial-SinDerivadas 4.0.
Se permite y anima a los autores a difundir sus trabajos electrónicamente (por ejemplo, en repositorios institucionales o en su propio sitio web) después de la publicación de la revista, para favorecer intercambios productivos, así como una citación más temprana y mayor de los trabajos publicados (Véase The Effect of Open Access).
Citas
ACHESON, D. (1950). Speech on the Far East. 12 de enero. https://www.cia.gov/readingroom/docs/1950-01-12.pdf
ALLISON, G. (2017). Destined for War: can China and the US escape Thucydides Trap? Scribe Publications.
ANKIT PANDA, A. (2020) Kim Jong Un and the Bomb. Survival and Deterrence in North Korea. Oxford University Press.
AOKI, N. (2021). Takeaways From a Time of Increased Friction: South Korea-Japan Security Cooperation From 2015 to Present. Korea Economic Institute of America.
ARMSTRONG, C.K. (2013). Tyranny of the weak: North Korea and the world, 1950–1992. Cornell University Press.
BANDOW, D. (2021). Talk to Russia About North Korea. https://nationalinterest.org/blog/korea-watch/talk-russia-about-north-korea-193227
BANDOW, D. (2022). A Lesson for North Korea: Ukraine Gave up Its Nukes and Was Invaded. https://www.cato.org/commentary/lesson-north-korea-ukraine-gave-its-nukes-was-invaded
BOLTON, J. (2020). The Room where it happened. Simon & Schuster.
BORDOFF, J. y O’SULLIVAN, M.L. (2022). Green Upheaval. Foreign Affairs. Enero-febrero.
BOUTHOUL, G. (1967) Sociologie de la politique. PUF. París.
BP Statistical Review of World Energy 2020.
BRZEZINSKI, Z. (1997). The Grand Chessboard. American Primacy and its Geostrategic Imperatives. Basic Books, New York.
BULYCHEV, G. (2021). How to Put Korean Peace-Building Right: A View from Russia. https://www.globalasia.org/v14no2/feature/how-to-put-korean-peace-building-right-a-view-from-russia_georgy-bulychev
BUSH, J.W. (2010). Decision Points. Crown.
BUTLIN, S. J., y C. SCHEDVIN, B. (1977). War Economy 1942– 1945.
CALDER, K., y YE, M. (2004). Regionalism and Critical Junctures: Explaining the “Organization Gap” in Northeast Asia. Journal of East Asian Studies, 4(2), 191–226.
CAMPBELL, M. (2008). Coal Quality Effects on CO2 Emissions. http://www.acps.com.au/assets/Uploads/ACPS-Coal-Quality-Effects-on-CO2-Emissions-Revised-130908.pdf
CASTELLTORT CLARAMUNT, M. (2021). El posible conflicto bélico entre Estados Unidos y China: reconsiderando la «Trampa de Tucídides». Revista Del Instituto Español De Estudios Estratégicos, (17), 271 – 300 / 605.
CHA, V. (2004) Japan-Korea Relations: Engagement from Strength. Center for Strategic & International Studies. http://csis.org/files/media/ csis/pubs/0402qjapan_korea.pdf.
CHALIAND, G. (2013). Vers un nouvel ordre du monde. Seuil.
CHEN, A.; OSTER, E.; WILLIAMS, H. (2014). Why is Infant Mortality Higher in the US than in Europe? http://www.nber.org/papers/w20525.pdf.
CHUNG, C. (2021). Chinese, Russian diplomats accuse US of escalating tensions with North Korea. https://www.nknews.org/2021/08/chinese-russian-diplomats-accuse-us-of-escalating-tensions-with-north-korea/
COYNE, J., SAVAGE, G., SHOEBRIDGE, M. (2021). New beginnings Rethinking business and trade in an era of strategic clarity and rolling disruption. The Australian Strategic Policy.
DEVASHER, T. (2016). Pakistan: Courting the Abyss. HarperCollins.
DEVASHER, T. (2018). Pakistan: at the helm. HarperCollins.
ELBARADEI, M. (2011). The Age of deception. Nuclear diplomacy in treacherous times. Metropolitan Books.
FEIGELMAN, W., KAWASHIMA, D., KOGA, Y., KAWANO, K., Y CEREL, J. (2020). Examining whether South Korean and Japanese Views of Suicide and Death Help to Better Understand their Contrasting Suicide Patterns. Suicidology Online 2020; Vol11(1).
FIORI, A. y PASSERI, A. (2015). Seventy Years after World War II: Comparing Europe and Northeast Asia’s Security Architectures. The Korean Journal of Defense Analysis, 27 (2). P233–245.
FORD, C.A. (2019). Huawei and Its Siblings, the Chinese Tech Giants: National Security and Foreign Policy Implications. 11 Septiembre. https://www.state.gov.
FUKUYAMA, F. (1992). The End of History and the Last Man. Penguin Books.
GAO (2021). Benefits and Costs Associated with the U.S. Military Presence in Japan and South Korea. https://www.gao.gov/products/gao-21-270.
GONZÁLEZ MARTÍN, A. (2017). Los compromisos norteamericanos con Japón y Corea permanecen, los debates cambian. https://www.ieee.es/Galerias/fichero/docs_analisis/2017/DIEEEA21-2017_CompromisoEEUU_Japon_AGM.pdf.
HAQQANI,H. (2018). Reimagining Pakistan: transforming a dysfunctional nuclear state. HarperCollins.
HOOPER, E. y YUSUF, M. (2014). Pakistán: escenarios futuros y contexto regional. https://raco.cat/index.php/AnuarioCIDOB/article/download/257473/344564
INTERNATIONAL ENERGY AGENCY (2020). Coal 2021: Analysis and forecast to 2024.https://iea.blob.core.windows.net/assets/f1d724d4-a753-4336-9f6e-64679fa23bbf/Coal2021.pdf
INTERNACIONAL ENERGY AGENCY (2021). Net Zero by 2050. París.
JANG, J-S. (2014). Dear Leader : poet, spy, escapee : a look inside North Korea. Simon & Schuster. pp.260-261.
KASURI, K. M. (2015). Neither a hawk nor a dove. An insider's Account of Pakistan's Foreign Policy. Penguin Books.
KAZUHIKO, F. (2017). Kokueki kara mita Roshia nyūmon (Introducción a Rusia desde el interés nacional). (en japonés) PHP.
KHAN, F. H. (2012) Eating grass. The Making of the Pakistani Bomb. Stanford Security Studies.
KHRUSHCHEV, S. (2006). Nikita Khrushchev. Reformer. 1945-1964. The Pennsylvania State University Press.
KHRUSHCHEV, S. (2007). Memoirs of Nikita Khrushchev. Statesman. The Pennsylvania State University Press.
KIM, D-J. (2019). Conscience in Action. Palgrave Macmillan. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-981-10-7623-7.
KIM, K. (2019). Kankoku ikisugita shihon shugi `mugen kyōsō shakai' no kunō. El sufrimiento de la sociedad infinitamente competitiva: el capitalismo que ha ido demasiado lejos en Corea. (En japonés). PHP.
KIM, K(2022). The North Korean economy seen by satellite: Estimates of national performance, regional gaps based on nighttime light. Journal of Asian Economics, 78 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.asieco.2021.101405.
KWON, T-J. (2017). Agriculture in North Korea in the Kim Jong-un Era: Evaluation and Prospect. Focus on Korean Peninsula, 41, pp.9-19.
LANKOV, A. (2011). Why the United States will have to accept a nuclear North Korea. The Korean Journal of Defense Analysis, Vol. 21 (3), septiembre, 251-264. DOI: 10.1080/10163270903087147.
LANKOV, A. (2013) The Real North Korea: Life and Politics in the Failed Stalinist Utopia. Oxford University Press.
LEE, Y. (2013). Potential risks of the Russia-North Korea-South Korea gas pipeline: Is there any lesson Seoul can learn from the Russia-Ukraine gas disputes? Asian Survey 53 (3): 584–606. https://doi.org/10.1525/as.2013.53.3.584
LEE, Y. (2019). Political Viability of the Russia-North Korea-South Korea Gas Pipeline Project: An Analysis of the Role of the U.S. Energies; doi:10.3390/en12101895
LUKIN, A. (2018). China and Russia: The New Rapprochement. Polity.
LUKIN, A. y ROZMAN, G. (2018). The Russian Far East: Positive Scenarios and Negative Scenarios. En ROZMAN, G. y RADCHENKO, S. (eds). (2018). International Relations and Asia’s Northern Tier. Sino-Russia Relations, North Korea, and Mongolia. Palgrave Macmillan. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-981-10-3144-1
LUKIN, A. (2019). Why Russia is standing aloof on the Korean Peninsula. https://www.eastasiaforum.org/2019/02/16/why-russia-is-standing-aloof-on-the-korean-peninsula/
LUO, F.; FLORENCE, C.+ QUISPE-AGNOLI, M. Y OUYANG, L. (2011). Impact of Business Cycles on US Suicide Rates, 1928–2007. American Journal of Public Health, 101 (6).
MACKINLAY, A. (2022). AUKUS: la perspectiva de Australia. Documento de Opinión IEEE 13/2022. https://www.ieee.es/Galerias/fichero/docs_opinion/2022/DIEEEO13_2022_ALEMAC_Australia. Pdf
MANKOFF, J. (2009). Russian Foreign Policy The Return of Great Power Politics. Rowman & Littlefield publishers.
MAYUMI YASUNAGA, M.E. (2016). Japón y Corea del Sur, posible deshielo tras 50 años de tensiones. https://www.ieee.es/Galerias/fichero/docs_opinion/2016/DIEEEO57-2016_Japon_CoreaSur_Mayumi_Yasunaga.pdf
MCLEAN, I. W. (2013). Why Australia prospered: the shifting sources of economic growth. Princeton University Press.
MELLOR, D. P. (1958). The Role of Science and Industry: Australia in the War of 1939– 1945, Series Four, Civil, Vol.V. Australian War Memorial.
MINEGISHI, H. (2019)Nikkan no dansō. (Discrepancias japoneso-surcoreanas). (En japonés). Nikkei.
NAUGHTON, B. (2021). Six factors behind China's Shift to "Grand Steerage". www.csis.org
NYE, J.S. (2021). Global Strategy 2021: An Allied Strategy for China. Atlantic Council.
OMS (2021). Suicide worldwide in 2019.
PARK, K. (2021). South Korea Is No Country for Young People. Foreign Policy.
RATNER, S., BEREZIN, A., GOMONOV, K., SERLETIS, A., SERGI, B. (2022). What is stopping energy efficiency in Russia? Exploring the confluence of knowledge, negligence, and other social barriers in the Krasnodar Region. Energy Research & Social Science, 85. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.erss.2021.102412
RIKER, W.H. (1967). The Theory of political coalitions. Yale University Press.
ROZMAN, G. (2014). The Russian Pivot to Asia. https://theasanforum.org/the-russian-pivot-to-asia/
ROZMAN, G. y RADCHENKO, S. (eds). (2018). International Relations and Asia’s Northern Tier. Sino-Russia Relations, North Korea, and Mongolia. Palgrave Macmillan. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-981-10-3144-1.
SCHOEN, D. y KAYLAN, M. (2015). Return to winter: Russia, China, and the new cold war against America. Encounter Books.
SECRETARÍA DE ESTADO ESTADOUNIDENSE (1964). Telegrama A-553 de la embajada estadounidense al Departamento de Estado. https://history.state.gov/historicaldocuments/frus1964-68v29p1/d3
SECRETARÍA DE ESTADO ESTADOUNIDENSE (1969). Memorandum From the Special Representative for Trade Negotiations (Gilbert) to Secretary of State Rogers. Preferential Trade Agreements. https://history.state.gov/historicaldocuments/frus1969-76v04/d221
SHARTOVA, N., TIKUNOV, V., y CHERESHNYA, O. (2021). Health disparities in Russia at the regional and global scales. International journal for equity in health, 20(1), 163. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12939-021-01502-6
SHEN, Z. y XIA, Y. (2018). A Misunderstood Friendship: Mao Zedong, Kim Il-sung, and Sino–North Korean relations, 1949–1976. Columbia University Press.
STRAND, H. y HEGRE, H. (2021). Trends in Armed Conflict (1946-2020). www.prio.org
THIES, W. (2009). Why NATO Endures. Cambridge University Press.
TIANJIAO, J. (2020).Three Spikes and You Are Out? China-DPRK Relations after the Cold War and the US. https://theasanforum.org/three-spikes-and-you-are-out-china-dprk-relations-after-the-cold-war-and-the-us/
TODD, E. (1976). La Chute final. Essai sur la décomposition de la sphère soviétique. Robert Laffont.
TODD, E. (2004). Après l'empire. Essai sur la décomposition du système américain. Gallimard.
TORKUNOV, A. TOLORAYA, G. y DIACHKOV, I. (2020). Современная Корея: метаморфозы турбулентных лет (2008-2020 гг.). (Corea moderna: metamorfosis de años turbulentos) MGIMO-University. Ch. 15, pp. 323-55.
TUDOR, D y PEARSON, J. (2015). North Korea confidential. Tuttle Publishing.
WANG, F.L. (2017) Between the bomb and the United States: China Faces the Nuclear North Korea, en KIM, S. C. y COHEN, M. D. North Korea and Nuclear Weapons: Entering the New Era of Deterrence. Georgetown University Press.
YOON, S. (2022). South Korea Needs to Step Up. https://www.foreignaffairs.com/articles/south-korea/2022-02-08/south-korea-needs-step
YUN, J.-W. (2010). The Myth of Confucian Capitalism in South Korea: Overworked Elderly and Underworked Youth. Pacific Affairs, 83(2), 237–259.
ZHANG, W., y DENTON, G. L. (2019). The North Korean Nuclear Dilemma: Does China Have Leverage? Journal of Asian Security and International Affairs, 6(2), 107–135. https://doi.org/10.1177/2347797019842437