Marco y análisis del Estado Islámico desde perspectivas clásicas de gestión
Palabras clave:
Terrorismo, Estado Islámico, contraterrorismoResumen
Para llevar a cabo la formulación y puesta en práctica de estrategias eficaces en la lucha contra el terrorismo es necesario comprender bien la dinámica y los elementos organizativos interrelacionados de los grupos a los que nos enfrentamos, con el fin de tener una equilibrada visión de conjunto de sus puntos fuertes y de las áreas más débiles a las que podemos dirigir nuestra atención para ganar eficiencia en las operaciones. Centrándonos en el Estado Islámico (EI) y en los yihadistas de tipo “lobo solitario”, se puede hacer frente mejor a las amenazas que plantean a la sociedad española con un enfoque proactivo, en base también a los imperativos de sus elementos organizativos. Como complemento a los marcos que ya utilizan los organismos antiterroristas, adquiriríamos una perspectiva inestimable observando la dinámica organizativa y de gestión en el seno de estas organizaciones mediante la creación de un modelo de sus distintas dimensiones: vínculos, imperativos, presiones y restricciones que condicionan su estructura y sus operaciones. En este contexto, el modelo presentado para estos dos tipos de terroristas incluye las dimensiones de misión, estructura, financiación, reclutamiento y propagación. El modelo muestra la relación entre las diversas dimensiones, así como las opciones que pueden elegir racionalmente los líderes para una mejor adaptación conforme a las circunstancias internas y externas y a los recursos de que disponen. Los organismos de lucha contra el terrorismo pueden así realizar un análisis de esos cambios, que se reflejan en la organización interna de estos grupos y en sus capacidades, con el fin de identificar y concentrarse en puntos débiles concretos para obtener unos resultados óptimos. Este modelo general puede seguir mejorándose con el fin de incluir otras áreas que ayudarían a elaborar modelos particulares para entidades terroristas concretas que operen en cualquier entorno específico
Referencias
Berger, J. M., & Morgan, J. (2015). The ISIS Twitter Census. The Brookings Project on US Relations with the Islamic World. Brookings.
Berman, E., & Laitin, D. D. (2008). Religion, terrorism and public goods: Testing the club model. Journal of Public Economics .
Center for the Analysis of Terrorism. (2016). ISIS Financing. France: CAT.
Clarke, C. P. (2017). The Terrorist Diaspora. Testimony, House Homeland Security Committee Task Force on Denying Terrorists Entry into the United States .
Europol. (2017). Internet Organised Crime Threat Assessment (IOCTA).
Europol. (2018). Terrorism Situation and Trend Report. Europol.
Fanusie, Y. J., & Entz, A. (2017). Islamic State: Financial Assessment. Center on Sanctions & Illicit Finance. Foundation for Defense of Democracies.
Fanusie, Y. J., & Entz, A. (2017). Islamic State: Financial Assessment. Center on Sanctions & Illicit Finance, Foundation for Defence of Democracies.
Frampton, M., Fisher, A., & Prucha, N. (2017). The New Netwar: countering Extremist Online. Policy Exchange.
Glaser, D. (2016). The Evolution of Terrorism Financing: Disrupting the Islamic State . The Washington Institute for Near East Policy . The Washington Institute for Near East Policy .
Hall, B. (2015). Inside ISIS - The brutal rise of a terrorist army. New York: Center Street.
Heath-Kelly, C. (2013). Counter‐Terrorism and the Counterfactual: Producing the ‘Radicalisation’Discourse and the UK PREVENT Strategy. The British Journal of Politics & International Relations , 15 (3), 394-415.
Heger, L., Jung, D., & Wong, W. (2012). Organizing for Resistance: How Group Structure Impacts the Character of Violence. Terrorism and Political Violence , 24, 743-768.
Michael, M. (2014, November 9). How a Libyan city joined the Islamic State group. AP News .
Mishal, S., & Avraham, S. (2000). The Palestinian Hamas. New York: Columbia University Press.
Nacos, B. L. (2016). Terrorism and Counterterrorism. Routledge.
Nance, M. (2016). Defeating ISIS. New York: Skyhorse Publishing.
Shapiro, J. (2013). The Terrorist's Dilemma. Princeton, New Jersey: Princetown University Press.
Tejerina, B. (2001). Protest Cycle, Political Violence and Social Movements in the Basque Country. Nations and Nationalism , 7 (1), 39-57.
UNDP. (2017). Journey to Extremism in Africa: Drivers, Incentives and the Tipping Point for Recruitment. UNDP.
US Government Department of Defence. (2012). Muslim Brotherhood (Al-Ikhwan) Encyclopedia: Islamist Extremism and Terrorism, Jihad and Sharia Law, Relationship to Hamas, Egyptian Uprising and the Ouster of Mubarak, Election of Mohamed Morsi . Congress.
Winter, C. (2017). Inside the collapse of Islamic State’s propaganda machine. UK: Wired.
Zirakzadeh, C. E. (2002). From Revolutionary Dreams to Organizational Fragmentation: Disputes over Violence within ETA and Sendero Luminoso. Terrorism and Political Violence , 14 (4), 66-92.
Berger, J. M., & Morgan, J. (2015). The ISIS Twitter Census. The Brookings Project on US Relations with the Islamic World. Brookings.
Berman, E., & Laitin, D. D. (2008). Religion, terrorism and public goods: Testing the club model. Journal of Public Economics .
Center for the Analysis of Terrorism. (2016). ISIS Financing. France: CAT.
Clarke, C. P. (2017). The Terrorist Diaspora. Testimony, House Homeland Security Committee Task Force on Denying Terrorists Entry into the United States .
Europol. (2017). Internet Organised Crime Threat Assessment (IOCTA).
Europol. (2018). Terrorism Situation and Trend Report. Europol.
Fanusie, Y. J., & Entz, A. (2017). Islamic State: Financial Assessment. Center on Sanctions & Illicit Finance. Foundation for Defense of Democracies.
Fanusie, Y. J., & Entz, A. (2017). Islamic State: Financial Assessment. Center on Sanctions & Illicit Finance, Foundation for Defence of Democracies.
Frampton, M., Fisher, A., & Prucha, N. (2017). The New Netwar: countering Extremist Online. Policy Exchange.
Glaser, D. (2016). The Evolution of Terrorism Financing: Disrupting the Islamic State . The Washington Institute for Near East Policy . The Washington Institute for Near East Policy .
Hall, B. (2015). Inside ISIS - The brutal rise of a terrorist army. New York: Center Street.
Heath-Kelly, C. (2013). Counter‐Terrorism and the Counterfactual: Producing the ‘Radicalisation’Discourse and the UK PREVENT Strategy. The British Journal of Politics & International Relations , 15 (3), 394-415.
Heger, L., Jung, D., & Wong, W. (2012). Organizing for Resistance: How Group Structure Impacts the Character of Violence. Terrorism and Political Violence , 24, 743-768.
Michael, M. (2014, November 9). How a Libyan city joined the Islamic State group. AP News .
Mishal, S., & Avraham, S. (2000). The Palestinian Hamas. New York: Columbia University Press.
Nacos, B. L. (2016). Terrorism and Counterterrorism. Routledge.
Nance, M. (2016). Defeating ISIS. New York: Skyhorse Publishing.
Shapiro, J. (2013). The Terrorist's Dilemma. Princeton, New Jersey: Princetown University Press.
Tejerina, B. (2001). Protest Cycle, Political Violence and Social Movements in the Basque Country. Nations and Nationalism , 7 (1), 39-57.
UNDP. (2017). Journey to Extremism in Africa: Drivers, Incentives and the Tipping Point for Recruitment. UNDP.
US Government Department of Defence. (2012). Muslim Brotherhood (Al-Ikhwan) Encyclopedia: Islamist Extremism and Terrorism, Jihad and Sharia Law, Relationship to Hamas, Egyptian Uprising and the Ouster of Mubarak, Election of Mohamed Morsi . Congress.
Winter, C. (2017). Inside the collapse of Islamic State’s propaganda machine. UK: Wired.
Zirakzadeh, C. E. (2002). From Revolutionary Dreams to Organizational Fragmentation: Disputes over Violence within ETA and Sendero Luminoso. Terrorism and Political Violence , 14 (4), 66-92.
Berger, J. M., & Morgan, J. (2015). The ISIS Twitter Census. The Brookings Project on US Relations with the Islamic World. Brookings.
Berman, E., & Laitin, D. D. (2008). Religion, terrorism and public goods: Testing the club model. Journal of Public Economics .
Center for the Analysis of Terrorism. (2016). ISIS Financing. France: CAT.
Clarke, C. P. (2017). The Terrorist Diaspora. Testimony, House Homeland Security Committee Task Force on Denying Terrorists Entry into the United States .
Europol. (2017). Internet Organised Crime Threat Assessment (IOCTA).
Europol. (2018). Terrorism Situation and Trend Report. Europol.
Fanusie, Y. J., & Entz, A. (2017). Islamic State: Financial Assessment. Center on Sanctions & Illicit Finance. Foundation for Defense of Democracies.
Fanusie, Y. J., & Entz, A. (2017). Islamic State: Financial Assessment. Center on Sanctions & Illicit Finance, Foundation for Defence of Democracies.
Frampton, M., Fisher, A., & Prucha, N. (2017). The New Netwar: countering Extremist Online. Policy Exchange.
Glaser, D. (2016). The Evolution of Terrorism Financing: Disrupting the Islamic State . The Washington Institute for Near East Policy . The Washington Institute for Near East Policy .
Hall, B. (2015). Inside ISIS - The brutal rise of a terrorist army. New York: Center Street.
Heath-Kelly, C. (2013). Counter‐Terrorism and the Counterfactual: Producing the ‘Radicalisation’Discourse and the UK PREVENT Strategy. The British Journal of Politics & International Relations , 15 (3), 394-415.
Heger, L., Jung, D., & Wong, W. (2012). Organizing for Resistance: How Group Structure Impacts the Character of Violence. Terrorism and Political Violence , 24, 743-768.
Michael, M. (2014, November 9). How a Libyan city joined the Islamic State group. AP News .
Mishal, S., & Avraham, S. (2000). The Palestinian Hamas. New York: Columbia University Press.
Nacos, B. L. (2016). Terrorism and Counterterrorism. Routledge.
Nance, M. (2016). Defeating ISIS. New York: Skyhorse Publishing.
Shapiro, J. (2013). The Terrorist's Dilemma. Princeton, New Jersey: Princetown University Press.
Tejerina, B. (2001). Protest Cycle, Political Violence and Social Movements in the Basque Country. Nations and Nationalism , 7 (1), 39-57.
UNDP. (2017). Journey to Extremism in Africa: Drivers, Incentives and the Tipping Point for Recruitment. UNDP.
US Government Department of Defence. (2012). Muslim Brotherhood (Al-Ikhwan) Encyclopedia: Islamist Extremism and Terrorism, Jihad and Sharia Law, Relationship to Hamas, Egyptian Uprising and the Ouster of Mubarak, Election of Mohamed Morsi . Congress.
Winter, C. (2017). Inside the collapse of Islamic State’s propaganda machine. UK: Wired.
Zirakzadeh, C. E. (2002). From Revolutionary Dreams to Organizational Fragmentation: Disputes over Violence within ETA and Sendero Luminoso. Terrorism and Political Violence , 14 (4), 66-92.
Berger, J. M., & Morgan, J. (2015). The ISIS Twitter Census. The Brookings Project on US Relations with the Islamic World. Brookings.
Berman, E., & Laitin, D. D. (2008). Religion, terrorism and public goods: Testing the club model. Journal of Public Economics .
Center for the Analysis of Terrorism. (2016). ISIS Financing. France: CAT.
Clarke, C. P. (2017). The Terrorist Diaspora. Testimony, House Homeland Security Committee Task Force on Denying Terrorists Entry into the United States .
Europol. (2017). Internet Organised Crime Threat Assessment (IOCTA).
Europol. (2018). Terrorism Situation and Trend Report. Europol.
Fanusie, Y. J., & Entz, A. (2017). Islamic State: Financial Assessment. Center on Sanctions & Illicit Finance. Foundation for Defense of Democracies.
Fanusie, Y. J., & Entz, A. (2017). Islamic State: Financial Assessment. Center on Sanctions & Illicit Finance, Foundation for Defence of Democracies.
Frampton, M., Fisher, A., & Prucha, N. (2017). The New Netwar: countering Extremist Online. Policy Exchange.
Glaser, D. (2016). The Evolution of Terrorism Financing: Disrupting the Islamic State . The Washington Institute for Near East Policy . The Washington Institute for Near East Policy .
Hall, B. (2015). Inside ISIS - The brutal rise of a terrorist army. New York: Center Street.
Heath-Kelly, C. (2013). Counter‐Terrorism and the Counterfactual: Producing the ‘Radicalisation’Discourse and the UK PREVENT Strategy. The British Journal of Politics & International Relations , 15 (3), 394-415.
Heger, L., Jung, D., & Wong, W. (2012). Organizing for Resistance: How Group Structure Impacts the Character of Violence. Terrorism and Political Violence , 24, 743-768.
Michael, M. (2014, November 9). How a Libyan city joined the Islamic State group. AP News .
Mishal, S., & Avraham, S. (2000). The Palestinian Hamas. New York: Columbia University Press.
Nacos, B. L. (2016). Terrorism and Counterterrorism. Routledge.
Nance, M. (2016). Defeating ISIS. New York: Skyhorse Publishing.
Shapiro, J. (2013). The Terrorist's Dilemma. Princeton, New Jersey: Princetown University Press.
Tejerina, B. (2001). Protest Cycle, Political Violence and Social Movements in the Basque Country. Nations and Nationalism , 7 (1), 39-57.
UNDP. (2017). Journey to Extremism in Africa: Drivers, Incentives and the Tipping Point for Recruitment. UNDP.
US Government Department of Defence. (2012). Muslim Brotherhood (Al-Ikhwan) Encyclopedia: Islamist Extremism and Terrorism, Jihad and Sharia Law, Relationship to Hamas, Egyptian Uprising and the Ouster of Mubarak, Election of Mohamed Morsi . Congress.
Winter, C. (2017). Inside the collapse of Islamic State’s propaganda machine. UK: Wired.
Zirakzadeh, C. E. (2002). From Revolutionary Dreams to Organizational Fragmentation: Disputes over Violence within ETA and Sendero Luminoso. Terrorism and Political Violence , 14 (4), 66-92.
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