El tablero del sur del Pacífico: la competición geoestratégica a través del pacto de seguridad entre China y las Islas Salomón strategic Competition Through the China-Solomon Islands Security Pact
Barra lateral del artículo
Contenido principal del artículo
Resumen
En este artículo trataré de definir el tablero geoestratégico del sur del Pacífico en el marco de la competición de potencias. Para ello, lo delimitaré a un conjunto de países que comparten una serie de características únicas; examinaré el papel que desempeña cada actor en este escenario, poniendo énfasis en los intereses estratégicos y las políticas que han aplicado conforme a esta competición. Por último, realizaré un repaso de los eventos que han desencadenado una nueva competición de potencias en el sur del Pacífico, siempre argumentando que el pacto de seguridad entre China y las Islas Salomón puede suponer un punto de inflexión en la competición entre las potencias presentes de la región y cuáles son las implicaciones y respuestas derivadas del mismo.
Descargas
Detalles del artículo
Esta obra está bajo una licencia internacional Creative Commons Atribución-NoComercial-SinDerivadas 4.0.
Se permite y anima a los autores a difundir sus trabajos electrónicamente (por ejemplo, en repositorios institucionales o en su propio sitio web) después de la publicación de la revista, para favorecer intercambios productivos, así como una citación más temprana y mayor de los trabajos publicados (Véase The Effect of Open Access).
Citas
Asian Development Bank. (2013). The Economics of Climate Change in the Pacific. https://www.adb.org/sites/default/files/publication/31136/economics-climate-change-pacific.pdf
Australian Government. (2003). National Interests, Global Concerns: The 2003 Foreign Affairs and Trade White Paper. https://www.aph.gov.au/binaries/library/pubs/cib/2002-03/03cib23.pdf
— (2013). Defence White Paper 2013. https://www.aph.gov.au/About_Parliament/Parliamentary_Departments/Parliamentary_Library/pubs/rp/rp1516/DefendAust/2013
— (2016). Defence White Paper 2016». https://www.defence.gov.au/about/strategic-planning/defence-white-paper
Avalos, et al. (2015). Papua New Guinea and the Natural Resource Curse. Comparative Economic Studies. 57:345-60. Palgrave Macmillan. https://doi.org/10.1057/ces.2015.1
Banco Mundial. (2022ª). Deuda del Gobierno Central, Total ( Del PIB) - Papua Nueva Guinea | Data. https://datos.bancomundial.org/indicador/GC.DOD.TOTL.GD.ZS?locations=PG
— (2022b). Deuda del Gobierno Central, Total ( Del PIB) - Tonga | Data. https://datos.bancomundial.org/indicador/GC.DOD.TOTL.GD.ZS?locations=TO
Biddick, T. v. (1989). Diplomatic Rivalry in the South Pacific: The PRC and Taiwan. Source: Asian Survey. Vol. 29. https://doi.org/10.2307/2644627
Fiji Government. (2008). Fiji-sino ties strong – PM Bainimarama. Scoop News. 12 de agosto de 2008. https://www.scoop.co.nz/stories/WO0808/S00191/fiji-sino-tiesstrong-pm-commodore-bainimarama.htm
Brady, A.-M. (2022). [@Anne_MarieBrady] The Agreement Has Been Widely Leaked, Indicating Not Everyone in the Solomon Islands Is in Support of the Sogavare Government Turning the Solomons into a Puppet State of the CCP. Here Are 4 Pages of the Agreement, the Final on the next Tweet. Twitter. 24 de marzo de 2022. https://twitter.com/anne_mariebrady/status/1506993807421853702?s=21&t=IakDB-tLXGhC0oIJc-n0vw
Dziedzic, S. y Edwina Seselja. (2022). Solomon Islands Prime Minister Manasseh Sogavare “insulted” by Reaction to Security Treaty with China. Abc.Au. 29 de marzo de 2022. https://www.abc.net.au/news/2022-03-29/manasseh-sogavare-responds-to-leaked-security-treaty-with-china/100946614
Fildes, N. (2022). Jacinda Ardern and Joe Biden Forge Closer Security Ties after China’s Pacific Push. Financial Times. 1 de junio de 2022. https://www.ft.com/content/2be9f1ec-eb9f-4a67-ace5-b863244102e4
Forough, M. (2022). America’s Pivot to Asia 2.0: The Indo-Pacific Economic Framework. The Diplomat. 26 de mayo de 2022. https://thediplomat.com/2022/05/americas-pivot-to-asia-2-0-the-indo-pacific-economic-framework/
Fox, R. y Mathew Dornan. (2018). China in the Pacific: Is China Engaged in “Debt-Trap Diplomacy”? Devpolicy Blog. 8 de noviembre de 2018. https://devpolicy.org/is-china-engaged-in-debt-trap-diplomacy-20181108/
Fry, G. E. y Tarte, S. (2015). The New Pacific Diplomacy The New Pacific Diplomacy and Its Impact on Regionalism View Project. https://www.researchgate.net/publication/289519253
Galvin, R. y Healy, N. (2020). The Green New Deal in the United States: What it is and how to pay for it. Energy Research and Social Science. Elsevier Ltd. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.erss.2020.101529
Graham, Euan. 2018. «Belt and Road: More than Just a Brand». Lowy Institute. 14 de septiembre de 2018. https://www.lowyinstitute.org/the-interpreter/belt-and-road-more-just-brand.
Handley, L. (2021). Tuvalu Minister Gives COP26 Speech Knee-Deep in the Ocean to Highlight Rising Sea Levels. Cnbc.Com. 8 de noviembre de 2021. https://www.cnbc.com/2021/11/08/tuvalu-minister-gives-cop26-speech-knee-deep-in-the-ocean-to-highlight-rising-sea-levels.html
Harwit, E. (2000). Taiwan’s Foreign Economic Relations with Developing Nations: A Case Study of Its Ties with Palau. Vol. 12. https://www.jstor.org/stable/23717350
Hayward-Jones, J. (2013). Big Enough for All of Us: Geo-Strategic Competition in the Pacific Islands. https://www.lowyinstitute.org/publications/big-enough-all-us-geo-strategic-competition-pacific-islands
Henderson, J. y Reilly, B. (2003). Dragon in Paradise: China’s Rising Star in Oceania. The National Interest. N.o 72: 94-105. https://www.jstor.org/stable/42897487
Lati Lati. (2021). China’s Impact on New Zealand Foreign Policy in the Pacific: The Pacific Reset. The China Alternative Changing Regional Order in the Pacific Islands. 143-67. https://press-files.anu.edu.au/downloads/press/n7754/pdf/ch04.pdf
Information Office of the State Council The People’s Republic of China. (2011). China’s Foreign Aid. The State Council The People’s Republic of China. 21 de abril de 2011. http://english.www.gov.cn/archive/white_paper/2014/09/09/content_281474986284620.htm
International Monetary Fund. (2018). Regional Economic Outlook. Asia Pacific. Good Times, Uncertain Times: A Time to Prepare. https://www.imf.org/en/News/Articles/2018/05/08/NA050918-Asia-and-Pacific-Good-Times-Uncertain-Times-A-Time-to-Prepare
Isaksson, A.-S. y Kotsadam, A. (2016). Chinese Aid and Local Corruption. AidData Working Paper 33. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jpubeco.2018.01.002
Kim, P. M. (2022). Does the China-Solomon Islands Security Pact Portend a More Interventionist Beijing? Brookings. 6 de mayo de 2022. https://www.brookings.edu/blog/order-from-chaos/2022/05/06/does-the-china-solomon-islandssecurity-pact-portend-a-more-interventionist-beijing/
Komai, M. (2015). Fiji’s Foreign Policy and the New Pacific Diplomacy. The New Pacific Diplomacy. 111-21. https://press-files.anu.edu.au/downloads/press/p328371/pdf/ch10.pdf
Kubuabola, R. I. (2015). Congratulatory Letter from Hon. Kubuabola to H.E. Wang Yi. Embassy of The People’s Republic of China in The Republic of Fiji. 3 de noviembre de 2015. https://www.mfa.gov.cn/ce/cefj//eng/topic/jjsszn/t1311547.htm
Kumar, L. et al. (2020). Climate Change and the Pacific Islands. Springer Climate. 1-31. Springer. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-32878-8_1
Kutty, S. N. y Basura, R. (2021). The Quad: What it is and what is not. The Diplomat. 24 de marzo de 2021. https://thediplomat.com/2021/03/the-quad-what-it-is-and-what-it-is-not/
Langdon, F. C. (1988). Challenges to the United States in the South Pacific. Pacific Affairs. 61 (1): 7-26. https://doi.org/10.2307/2758070
Lanteigne, M. (2012). Water Dragon? China, Power Shifts and Soft Balancing in the South Pacific. Political Science. 64 (1): 21-38. https://doi.org/10.1177/0032318712447732
Li, N. (2009). The Evolution of China’s Naval Strategy and Capabilities: From “Near Coast” and “Near Seas” to “Far Seas”. Asian Security. 5 (2): 144-69. https://doi.org/10.1080/14799850902886567
Meick, E. (2018). China’s Engagement in the Pacific Islands: Implications for the United States. https://www.uscc.gov/sites/default/files/Research/China-Pacific%20Islands%20Staff%20Report.pdf
Ministry of Foreign Affairs of the People’s Republic of China. (2022). Wang Yi Holds Talks with Foreign Minister of Solomon Islands Jeremiah Manele. 26 de mayo de 2022. https://www.fmprc.gov.cn/mfa_eng/zxxx_662805/202205/t20220526_10693193.html
New Zealand Government. (2018). Strategic Defence Policy Statement. https://www.defence.govt.nz/assets/Uploads/8958486b29/Strategic-Defence-Policy-Statement-2018.pdf
O’Dowd, S. (2021). Bridging the Belt and Road Initiative in Papua New Guinea. The China Alternative Changing Regional Order in the Pacific Islands. 397-427. https://press-files.anu.edu.au/downloads/press/n7754/pdf/ch13.pdf
Pacific Islands Forum Secretariat. (2017). Forum Communiqué. https://www.forumsec.org/wp-content/uploads/2018/02/Final_48-PIF-Communique_2017_14Sep17.pdf
Peters, W. (2018). Winston Peters on New Zealand in the Pacific. Lowy Institute. 2 de marzo de 2018. https://www.lowyinstitute.org/publications/winston-peters-new-zealand-pacific
Pulido, G. (2021). Guerra multidominio en los marines, la armada y la fuerza aérea. Guerra Multidominio y Mosaico. 67-84. Madrid, Catarata.
Ross, R. S. (2009). China’s Naval Nationalism: Sources, Prospects, and the U.S. Response. International Security. 34 (2): 46-81. https://www.jstor.org/stable/40389213
Roubini, N. (2001). Debt Sustainability: How to Assess Whether a Country is Insolvent. Stern School of Business New York University. https://pages.stern.nyu.edu/~nroubini/papers/debtsustainability.pdf
Sailele Malielegaoi, T. (2018). Speech by the Hon Prime Minister Tuilaepa Sailele Malielegaoi on Pacific Perspectives on the New Geostrategic Landscape. Lowy Institute. 30 de agosto de 2018. https://www.lowyinstitute.org/publications/speech-hon-prime-minister-tuilaepa-sailele-malielegaoi-pacific-perspectives-new
Smith, G. y Wesley-Smith, T. (2021). The China Alternative Changing Regional Order in the Pacific Islands.
Stuart, D. T. y Tow, W. T. (1995). A US Strategy for the Asia-Pacific: Building a Multipolar Balance-of-Power System in Asia. International Institute for Strategic Studies. Oxford University Press for the International Institute for Strategic Studies.
Synergia Foundation. (2019). Australia’s Pacific ‘Step-up’ Policy. Synergia Foundation. 13 de marzo de 2019. https://www.synergiafoundation.org/insights/analyses-assessments/australia-s-pacific-step-policy
Tarte, S. (2021). Building a Strategic Partnership: Fiji–China Relations Since 2008. The China Alternative Changing Regional Order in the Pacific Islands. 375-97.
Taylor, I. (2002). Taiwan’s Foreign Policy and Africa: The Limitations of Dollar Diplomacy. Journal of Contemporary China. 11 (30): 125-40.
https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/10670560120091174
Taylor, M. (2017). Secretary General Meg Taylor’s Remarks to the 2017 Budget Forum Officials Committee Meeting. Suva. https://www.forumsec.org/2017/12/13/secretary-general-meg-taylors-remarks-2017-budget-forum-officials-committee-meeting-pacific-islands-forum-secretariat-conference-room-suva-fiji/
The Growth Lab at Harvard University. (2022). The Atlas of Economic Complexity. The Growth Lab at Harvard University. https://atlas.cid.harvard.edu/
The Phuket News. (2022). Pacific Nations Reject China Security Pact. The Phuket News. 31 de mayo de 2022. https://www.thephuketnews.com/pacific-nationsreject-china-security-pact-84406.php
Varrall, M. (2021). Australia’s Response to China in the Pacific: From Alert to Alarmed. The China Alternative Changing Regional Order in the Pacific Islands. 107-43. https://press-files.anu.edu.au/downloads/press/n7754/pdf/ch03.pdf
Walden et al. (2021). Here’s What’s behind the Violent Protests in the Solomon Islands Capital, Honiara. ABC News. 25 de noviembre de 2021. https://www.abc.net.au/news/2021-11-25/solomon-islands-protests-explainer-china-taiwan/100648086
Walker, T. (2019). The Chinese Coal “ban” Carries a Significant Political Message. The Conversation. 28 de febrero de 2019. https://theconversation.com/the-chinese-coal-ban-carries-a-significant-political-message-112535
Wallis, J. y Batley, J. (2020). How Does the “Pacific» Fit into the «Indo-Pacific»? The Changing Geopolitics of the Pacific Islands. Security Challenges. 16 (How does the ‘Pacific’ fit into the ‘Indo-Pacific’?). www.smh.com.au/politics/federal/china-eyes-vanuatu-military-base-in-plan-with-global-
Wesley-Smith, T. y Porter, E. A. (2010). «Oceania Matters. China in Oceania: reshaping the Pacific? 13-43. Nueva York y Oxford, Berghahn Books.
Wroe, D. (2018). Chinese Wharf in Vanuatu Raising Eyebrows across the Pacific. The Sydney Morning Herald. https://www.smh.com.au/politics/federal/the-greatwharf-from-china-raising-eyebrows-across-the-pacific-20180411-p4z8yu.html
Xinhua. (2022). China ready to bolster comprehensive strategic partnership with Pacific Island countries: Chinese FM. Xinhua. 30 de mayo de 2022.
Yang, J. (2009). China in the South Pacific: Hegemon on the Horizon? Pacific Review. 22 (2): 139-58. https://doi.org/10.1080/09512740902815292
— (2011). China in Fiji: displacing traditional players? Australian Journal of International Affairs. 65 (3): 305-21. https://doi.org/10.1080/10357718.2011.563778
Zhang, D. (2019). Perceiving China’s Influence in the Pacific: The Case of Solomon Islands. The Diplomat. 18 de octubre de 2019. https://thediplomat.com/2019/10/perceiving-chinas-influence-in-the-pacific-the-case-of-solomon-islands/
Zhang, Y. (2007). China and the Emerging Regional Order in the South Pacific. Australian Journal of International Affairs. 61 (3): 367-81. https://doi.org/10.1080/10357710701531537