Soberanía tecnológica y poder inteligente de la Unión Europea en un contexto geopolítico inestable: el escenario de África como ejemplo de aplicación
Barra lateral del artículo
Contenido principal del artículo
Resumen
El debate sobre los alcances del concepto de soberanía tecnológica y sobre todo sus implicaciones ha cobrado impulso en el contexto de la Unión Europea (UE) para garantizar el principio de "autonomía estratégica" que se convirtió en una pieza política común clave para reforzar la posición del bloque en el mundo. No obstante, su naturaleza política y aspiracional, aunque abstracta en su concreción, no se ha traducido en objetivos definidos en tiempo, espacio y oportunidad. El articulo enmarca este debate en las condiciones de inestabilidad geopolítica que atraviesan la dinámica internacional y discute la racionalidad de la noción de “poder inteligente” (“smart power”) como opción estratégica para la UE. Sobre esta base se analiza la presencia de China en África y su posible impacto sobre la autonomía estratégica europea.
Descargas
Detalles del artículo
Esta obra está bajo una licencia internacional Creative Commons Atribución-NoComercial-SinDerivadas 4.0.
Se permite y anima a los autores a difundir sus trabajos electrónicamente (por ejemplo, en repositorios institucionales o en su propio sitio web) después de la publicación de la revista, para favorecer intercambios productivos, así como una citación más temprana y mayor de los trabajos publicados (Véase The Effect of Open Access).
Citas
ALDEN, C. y SIDIROPOULOS, E. “Africa-China-EU Cooperation in Africa. Prospects and Pitfalls”. Policy Notes 2009/11. SPECIAL ISSUE on the EU Africa Partnership Strategy, The Nordic Africa Institute. ISSN 1654-6695 ISBN 978-91-7106-660-2.
ANGHEL, S. et al. “On the path to 'strategic autonomy'. The EU in an evolving geopolitical environment”. EPRS | European Parliamentary Research Service. PE 652.096 – September 2020. Disponible en: https://www.europarl.europa.eu/RegData/etudes/STUD/2020/652096/EPRS_STU(2020)652096_EN.pdf
BONE, M y CINOTTO, F. “Can the US and China Cooperate in Africa?” The Diplomat. 23 febrero 2021. Disponible en: https://thediplomat.com/2021/02/can-the-us-and-china-cooperate-in-africa
BORRELL, J. (2020), ‘Why European Strategic Autonomy Matters”. A Window on the World - Blog by HR/VP, Dic 2020. Disponible en https://eeas.europa.eu
BRADFORD, A. “The Brussels effect. How the European Union rules the world”. Oxford University Press. 2020. ISBN 978 0190088583.
CHINA-AFRICA BUSINESS COUNCIL. “Market Power and Role of the Private Sector, chinese Investment in Africa”, Beijing, 2021, p. 15. Disponible en: http://www.focac.org/eng/zgqytzfzbg/t1904028.htm
CSIS (2007). Commission on Smart Power. “A smarter, more secure America”, Center for Strategic and International Studies. ISBN 978-0-89206-510-3.
EDLER et al. Technological Sovereignty as an Emerging Frame for Innovation Policy - Defining Rationales, Means and Ends. EU-SPRI Conference. June 2021.
EUROPEAN COMMISSION. “Global Approach to Research and Innovation. Europe's strategy for international cooperation in a changing world”. Brussels, Belgium, 2021.
EUROPEAN COMMISSION. “Global Approach to Research and Innovation. Europe's strategy for international cooperation in a changing world”. Brussels, Belgium, 2021.
EUROPEAN COMMISSION. “State of the Union 2020: Building the world we want to live in: A Union of vitality in a world of fragility” (16/09/2020). Brussels, Belgium.
EUROPEAN COMMISSION. COMMISSION DECISION of 18.6.2020 approving the agreement with Member States on procuring Covid-19 vaccines on behalf of the Member States and related procedures. Brussels, 18.6.2020.
EUROPEAN UNION. “An Open, Sustainable and Assertive Trade Policy: Open Strategic Autonomy”, 2021; SCHOT, J., STEINMUELLER, W. E. “Three frames for innovation policy: R&D, systems of innovation and transformative change”, Research Policy, 47(9), 2018, 1554-1567.
FRANKE U., y TORREBLANCA, J.I. “Geo-tech politics: Why technology shapes European power”. Policy Brief 15 July 2021. European Council on Foreign Relations. Disponible en: https://ecfr.eu/publication/geo-tech-politics-why-technology-shapes-european-power/
FRANKE, U. “Europe needs a change in mindset on technology and geopolitics”, European Council in Foreign Relations (ECFR), August 2021. Disponible en https://ecfr.eu/article/europe-needs-a-change-in-mindset-on-technology-and-geopolitics/
GRARE, F. “Fish and Ships: Chinese Fishing and Europe’s Indo-Pacific Strategy”. European Council on Foreign Relations. Policy Brief. August 2021. Disponible en https://ecfr.eu/wp-content/uploads/Fish-and-ships-Chinese-fishing-and-Europes-Indo-Pacific-strategy.pdf
HOBBS, C. “Europe’s Digital sovereignty: from rulermaker to superpower in the age of US-China rivalry”, Essay Collection, ECFR/336, European Council on Foreign Relations, 2020.
INTERNATIONAL SERVICE FACILITY. “International Cooperation in Horizon Europe: Participation and Novelties”. April 2021. Disponible en https://horizon-ncp.eu/sites/default/files/2021-05/ISF_2%C2%B0webinar_HE_International%20Cooperation%20strategy%20and%20novelties_0.pdf
KAPLAN, R. D. A new cold war has begun, Foreign Policy, January 7, 2019. Disponible en: https://foreignpolicy.com/2019/01/07/a-new-cold-war-has-begun/
LARSEN, H. China’s technological challenge to European strategic autonomy, The future of European strategy in a changing geopolitical environment – Challenges and prospects, 2021, The Hague Centre for Strategic Studies. https://hcss.nl/report/chinas-technological-challenge-european-strategic-autonomy/
LEONARD, M. y SHAPIRO, J. “Sovereign Europe, dangerous world: Five agendas to protect Europe’s capacity to act”. Policy Brief 1, European Council on Foreign Relations, December 2020. Disponible en https://ecfr.eu/publication/sovereign-europe-dangerous-world-five-agendas-to-protect-europes-capacity-to-act/
MINISTRY OF FOREIGN AFFAIRS OF THE PEOPLE’S REPUBLIC OF CHINA. “Remarks by H.E. Xi Jinping President of the People’s Republic of China at the Opening Ceremony of the Second World Internet Conference,”, Wuzhen, China, December 16, 2015. Disponible en https://www.fmprc.gov. cn/mfa_eng/wjdt_665385/zyjh_665391/t1327570.shtml.
MORI, S. “US Technological Competition with China: The Military, Industrial and Digital Network Dimensions”, Asia-Pacific Review, 26:1, 2019, 77-120.
NANTULYA, P. “Reshaping African Agency in China-Africa Relations”, African Center for Strategic Studies, 2/02/2021.
NYE, J. “Get Smart: Combining Hard and Soft Power”, Foreign Affairs. Vol. 88, No. 4, July/August 2009.
ORTEGA, A. “La carrera entre EE. UU. y China y el futuro de las relaciones transatlánticas”, Documento de trabajo 12/2020, Real Instituto Elcano.
PETRICEVIC, O. y TEECE, D. J. “The structural reshaping of globalization: Implications for strategic sectors, profiting from innovation, and the multinational enterprise”, Journal of International Business Studies, 2019.
REUTERS. “Orange sees role for Huawei in 5G Africa rollout”, 29 Junio 2021. Disponible en https://www.reuters.com/business/media-telecom/orange-sees-role-huawei-5g-africa-rollout-2021-06-29/
SEAMAN, J. “China and the New Geopolitics of Technical Standardization,” Notes de l’Ifri, Enero 2020, 20-21.
SFIC. “Survey Analysis on Science Diplomacy. Strategies, Activities and Actors of EU Member States and Associated Countries”, SFIC Task Force Science Diplomacy. Strategic Forum of International Cooperation. May 2021.
TINDERMANS, P. “Technological sovereignty: from the hype to the real questions”. Science Business 29 Sep 2020. Disponible en https://sciencebusiness.net/technology-strategy-board/viewpoint/technological-sovereignty-hype-real-questions.
TUGENDHAT, H. y VOO, J. “China’s Digital Silk Road in Africa and the Future of Internet Governance”, Working Paper No. 2021/50. China Africa Research Initiative, School of Advanced International Studies, Johns Hopkins University, Washington, DC, 2021. Disponible en http://www.sais-cari.org/publications.
YU, S. “Why substantial Chinese FDI is flowing into Africa”, LSE Blog, 2021. Disponible en https://blogs.lse.ac.uk/africaatlse/2021/04/02/why-substantial-chinese-fdi-is-flowing-into-africa-foreign-direct-investment.