El papel de Libia como centro consolidado de economías ilícitas y su impacto en el fenómeno terrorista del Sahel

Contenido principal del artículo

Ana AGUILERA RAGA

Resumen

El presente artículo examina el impacto de las economías ilícitas en la seguridad y estabilidad de Libia y su vecindario regional. Para ello se identifican diversas fuentes de economías ilícitas, como el contrabando de petróleo, el tráfico de drogas, la trata de seres humanos y el tráfico de armas, destacando los retos de seguridad asociados a su proliferación. El documento sugiere que las economías ilícitas han contribuido a configurar la dinámica del conflicto, la gobernanza y el desarrollo en el
contexto posrevolucionario.
El análisis concluye además que existe un fuerte vínculo entre las economías ilícitas en Libia y el auge del terrorismo en la región del
Sahel. Los grupos terroristas han explotado el vasto mercado negro y la economía sumergida creados por el contrabando de armas, drogas y migrantes en el Sahel para financiar sus estructuras y consolidar su presencia en las rutas transaharianas. El documento sostiene que la inestabilidad política y el conflicto en Libia han creado un vacío de poder que ha permitido el florecimiento de alianzas estratégicas entre los aparatos criminales y el extremismo violento, exportando desde Libia una importante fuente de inestabilidad regional.

Descargas

Los datos de descargas todavía no están disponibles.

Detalles del artículo

Cómo citar
AGUILERA RAGA, A. (2023). El papel de Libia como centro consolidado de economías ilícitas y su impacto en el fenómeno terrorista del Sahel. Revista Del Instituto Español De Estudios Estratégicos, (21), 169–192 / 423. Recuperado a partir de https://revista.ieee.es/article/view/5541
Sección
Artículos

Citas

AFP. (2022). Turkey and Libya sign maritime hydrocarbons deal. France 24. Disponible en: https://www.france24.com/en/live-news/20221003-turkey-and-libya-sign-maritime-hydrocarbons-deal-1

Aguilera, A. (2022). Tráfico de drogas y yihadismo en África. Observatorio Internacional de Estudios sobre Terrorismo. Disponible en: https://observatorioterrorismo.com/eedyckaz/2022/06/PROYECTO-ANA-EXTERIORES-final.pdf

Amnistía Internacional. (2020). Libia: Nuevas pruebas sobre personas refugiadas y migrantes atrapadas en una horrible espiral de abusos. Disponible en: https://www.amnesty.org/es/latest/press-release/2020/09/libya-new-evidence-shows-refugees-and-migrants-trapped-in-horrific-cycle-of-abuses/

Banco Mundial. (s.f.). Population, total - Libya. Disponible en: https://data.worldbank.org/indicator/SP.POP.TOTL?locations=LY

Blanco, J. M. y De la Corte, L. (2013). Terrorismo y tráfico de drogas en África Subsahariana. Documento de trabajo. Instituto Español de Estudios Estratégicos. Disponible en: https://www.ieee.es/Galerias/fichero/docs_trabajo/2013/DIEEET01-2013_IEEE-IMDEP.pdf

Brown, D. (2013). The challenge of drug trafficking to democratic governance and human security in West Africa. Strategic Studies Institute, US Army War College. Disponible en: https://www.jstor.org/stable/resrep11261

Clarke, C. (2016). Drugs & Thugs: Funding Terrorism through Narcotics Trafficking. Journal of Strategic Security. Vol. 9, n.º 3, pp. 1-15.

Conflict Armament Research. (2017). Weapons of the Islamic State: A three-year investigation in Iraq and Syria. Disponible en: https://www.conflictarm.com/reports/weapons-of-the-islamic-state/

Departamento del Tesoro. (2018). Treasury Sanctions International Network Smuggling Oil from Libya to Europe. Disponible en: https://home.treasury.gov/news/press-releases/sm0298

El-Assasy, A. (2022). Libyan Audit Bureau: 2021 Contracts Worth 35 Billion LYD. Libya Review. Disponible en: https://libyareview.com/28783/libyan-audit-bureau-2021-contracts-worth-35-billion-lyd/

El-Gomati, A. (s.f.). Mapping European Leverage in the MENA region. European Council on Foreign Relations (ECFR). Disponible en: https://ecfr.eu/special/mapping_eu_leverage_mena/libya

Freudenthal, E. et al. (2021). No strings attached? How Europe’s military support for Mali closes its eyes to abuses. The New Humanitarian. Disponible en: https://www.thenewhumanitarian.org/investigations/2021/8/26/Europe-military-alliance-Sahel-Mali

Grupo de Acción Financiera Internacional. (2013). Terrorist Financing in West Africa. FATF/OECD.

—. Grupo de Acción Financiera Internacional. (2016). Terrorist Financing in West and Central Africa. FATF-GIABA-GABAC. Disponible en:https://www.fatf-gafi.org/media/fatf/documents/reports/Terrorist-Financing-West-Central-Africa.pdf

IDMC. (2022). Libya. Internal Displacement Monitoring Centre. Disponible en: https://www.internal-displacement.org/countries/libya

International Crisis Group (2018), Drug Trafficking, Violence and Politics in Northern Mali. Africa Report N.°267. International Crisis Group, pp. 1-43. Disponible en: https://www.crisisgroup.org/africa/sahel/mali/267-narcotrafic-violence-et-politique-au-nord-du-mali

INTERPOL. (2021). Massive drug seizures in twin operations across Africa and Middle East. Disponible en: https://www.interpol.int/News-and-Events/News/2021/Massive-drug-seizures-in-twin-operations-across-Africa-and-Middle-East

Kirchgaessner, S. y Tondo, L. (2018). Malta ‘fuelling Libya instability’ by failing to tackle oil smuggling. The Guardian. Disponible en: https://www.theguardian.com/world/2018/may/09/malta-fuel-oil-smuggling-libya-daphne-project

Lacher, W. (2023). Libya’s New Order. New Left Review. Disponible en: https://newleftreview.org/sidecar/posts/libyas-new-order

Mangan, F. (2020). Illicit Drug Trafficking and Use in Libya. Peaceworks. United States Institute of Peace (USIP). N.º 161. Disponible en: https://www.usip.org/sites/default/files/2020-05/20200528-pw_161-illicit_drug_trafficking_and_use_in_libya_highs_and_lows-pw.pdf

Micallef, M. (2019). Shifting sands — Libya’s changing drug trafficking dynamics on the coastal and desert borders. Global Initiative Against Transnational Organized Crime. Pp.1-29. Disponible en: https://globalinitiative.net/wp-content/uploads/2019/11/EDMR2019_BackgroundReport_Libya.pdf

Micallef, M. et al. (2019). After the Storm: Organized crime across the Sahel-Sahara following upheaval in Libya and Mali. Global Initiative Against Transnational Organised Crime. Disponible en: https://globalinitiative.net/wp-content/uploads/2019/11/After_the_storm_GI-TOC.pdf

Noria Research. (2019). Predatory economies in eastern Libya. Global Initiative Against Transnational Organized Crime. Disponible en: https://globalinitiative.net/wp-content/uploads/2019/06/GITOC-Predatory-Economies-Eastern-Libya-WEB.pdf

OCHA. (2022). Libya Humanitarian Response Plan 2022. Relief Web. Disponible en: https://reliefweb.int/report/libya/libya-humanitarian-response-plan-2022-december-2021-enar?_gl=1*17tfrcc*_ga*MTY0Njg4MjI5OC4xNjc0NTY1NjAw*_ga_E60ZNX2F68*MTY3NTk0MDYxMi4zLjEuMTY3NTk0MjEwNy42MC4wLjA.

Ortega, P. (2021). España ataca la ruta africana de la droga en el Sahel. El País. Disponible en: https://elpais.com/espana/2021-10-06/espana-ataca-la-ruta-africana-de-la-droga-en-el-sahel.html

Picarelli, J. (2006). The Turbulent Nexus Of Transnational Organised Crime And Terrorism: A Theory of Malevolent International Relations. Global Crime. Vol. 7, n.º 1, pp. 1-24, DOI: 10.1080/17440570600650125.

Raineri, L. y Martini, A. (2017). ISIS and Al-Qaeda as Strategies and Political Imaginaries in Africa: A Comparison between Boko Haram and Al-Qaeda in the Islamic Maghreb. Civil Wars. DOI: 10.1080/13698249.2017.1413226

Reitano, T., Clarke, C. y Adal, L. (2017). Examining the Nexus between Organised Crime and Terrorism and Its Implications for EU Programming. European Union. Counter-Terrorism Monitoring, Reporting, and Support Mechanism. CT-MORSE.

Salah, H. (2023). Already Complicit in Libya Migrant Abuse EU Doubles Down on Support. Human Rights Watch. Disponible en:.https://www.hrw.org/news/2023/02/08/already-complicit-libya-migrant-abuse-eu-doubles-down-support

Sampaio, A. (2022). Conflict economies and urban systems in the Lake Chad Region. Global Initiative Against Transnational Organised Crime. Disponible en: https://globalinitiative.net/analysis/lake-chad-region/

Security Council Report. (2012). Letter dated 17 January 2012 from the Secretary-General addressed to the President of the Security Council.

—. (2022). United Nations Support Mission in Libya: Report of the Secretary-General. Disponible en: https://www.securitycouncilreport.org/atf/cf/%7B65BFCF9B-6D27-4E9C-8CD3-CF6E4FF96FF9%7D/N2273857.pdf

Shaltami, O. (2019). Petroleum System of the Murzuq Basin. Disponible en: https://www.researchgate.net/publication/337104180_Petroleum_System_of_the_Murzuq_Basin

Small Arms Survey. (2020). Global Firearms Holdings.

The Economist (2019). Foreign powers are piling into Libya. Disponible en: https://www.economist.com/middle-east-and-africa/2019/12/12/foreign-powers-are-piling-into-libya

Tinti, P. (2020). Drug trafficking in northern Mali: A tenuous criminal equilibrium. Research Paper. N.º 14. ENACT. Disponible en: https://enactafrica.org/research/research-papers/drug-trafficking-in-northern-mali-a-tenuous-criminal-equilibrium

UN News. (2018). As Security Council imposes sanctions on six human traffickers in Libya, UN chief calls for more accountability. Disponible en: https://news.un.org/en/story/2018/06/1011751

UNICRI. (2021). Illicit Financial Flows and Asset Recovery in the State of Libya. Research Paper 2021. United Nations Interregional Crime and Justice Research Institute. Disponible en: https://unicri.it/sites/default/files/2021-05/Libya%20EN.pdf

Unlacke, R. (2022). Libya Could Be Putin’s Trump Card. Foreign Policy. Disponible en: https://foreignpolicy.com/2022/07/08/wagner-group-libya-oil-russia-war/

UNODC. (2021). Drug Market Trends: Cocaine Amphetamine-type Stimulants. World Drug Report 2021. Oficina de Naciones Unidas contra la Droga y el Delito. Disponible en: https://www.unodc.org/res/wdr2021/field/WDR21_Booklet_4.pdf

—. (2023). Global report on Cocaine 2023 – Local dynamics, global challenges. Disponible en: https://www.unodc.org/documents/data-and-analysis/cocaine/Global_cocaine_report_2023.pdf

UNSMIL. (2023). Libya’s 5+5 JMC and liaison committees approve a coordination mechanism for the withdrawal of mercenaries and foreign fighters from Libya. Relief Web. Disponible en: https://reliefweb.int/report/libya/libyas-55-jmc-and-liaison-committees-approve-coordination-mechanism-withdrawal-mercenaries-and-foreign-fighters-libya-enar

US Department of State (s.f ). Country Reports on Terrorism 2019: Libya. Disponible en: https://www.state.gov/reports/country-reports-on-terrorism-2019/libya/

—. (2022). Trafficking in Persons Report: Libya. Disponible en:https://www.state.gov/reports/2022-trafficking-in-persons-report/libya/

Vinci, A. (2007). Warlords in the International Order: A Neorealist Approach. The London School of Economics and Political Science.

Warner et al. (2020). Outlasting the caliphate: The evolution of the Islamic State threat in Africa. CTC Sentinel. Vol. 13(11), pp.18-33.

Witthoft, B. (2020). Human Trafficking, Smuggling and Governance in Libya: implications for stability and programming. USAID. Disponible en: https://pdf.usaid.gov/pdf_docs/PA00WPXR.pdf

Zaptia, S. (2017). Libyan illegal migration trafficking and fuel ‘‘king of smuggling’’ arrested. Libya Herald. Disponible en: https://www.libyaherald.com/2017/08/libyan-illegal-migration-trafficking-and-fuel-kingpin-of-smuggling-arrested/

Zimmerer, M. (2019). Terror in West Africa: a threat assessment of the new Al Qaeda affiliate in Mali. Critical Studies on Terrorism, DOI: 10.1080/17539153.2019.1599531